SUPER AUTO FORGE LTD THERMAX BOILER FUEL CONSUMPTION DETAILS FOR CIRCULATION.pdf
IN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES:
DIESEL
ENGINES USED IN POWER PLANT, MARINE, CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS, MINING
AND AUTOMOBILES:
BENEFITS:
1.reduction
of nitrogen oxide emissions
2.reduction
of soot emissions
3.retention
of the injection system
4.usable
in stationary as well as mobile application
The
evaporation of water reduces the maximum temperature in the
combustion zone. The formation of nitrogen oxides is decreased by
reduced
reaction rates.
NEAR
ZERO EMISSIONS BY USING EMULSIFIED FUEL AND HYDRODRIVE ELECTRONIC
CATALYTIC CONVERTOR:
By
using the EMULSIFIED DIESEL FUEL along with the patented HYDRODRIVE
Electronic Catalytic Convertor cum Fuel Synthesizer in an engine, ALL
EMISSIONS can be WIPED OUT to almost ZERO LEVEL.
WHAT
WILL BE THE COST OF HYDROBURN FUEL?:
HYDROBURN
fuel will cost you only 70% the cost of normal diesel or kerosene or
JP-8 or Natural Gas or any fuel that you use. This is because in the
HYDROBURN technology, you will use minimum 25 % to maximum 40% WATER
or EXCITED STEAM AS A CO-FUEL without loss of input heat to your
engine or gas turbine. or heat system.
SCIENCE
BEHIND THE HYDROBURN FUEL AND THE FLAMES:
Ultrafast
Vibrational Energy Transfer Between Surface And Bulk Water At The
Air-Water Interface Burn Water As A Fuel With Hydrocarbon:
In the
HYDROBURN technology, the WATER and the HYDROCARBON are synthesized
into an EMULSIFIED FUEL using the internationally patented "
PROCESS AND SYNTHESIZER FOR MOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF MATERIALS"
and the Ultrafast Vibrational Energy Transfer between Surface and Bulk
Water at the Air-Water Interface is used to burn Water as a Fuel with
the Hydrocarbon.
Interfacial
water plays an important role in many biological, chemical, and
physical processes.
Because of
the experimental difficulties in investigating liquid interfaces in
general, and the most prevalent water-air interface, in particular,
knowledge of the structural and dynamical interface properties has not
yet reached the same degree of sophistication that has been attained
for bulk water.
The Second
Harmonic Generation and Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) by the patented
Hydrodrive Synthesizer during the molecular engineering process are
generally surface specific and these waves have been known to be
selectively sensitive to the outermost few layers of water molecules.
SFG is particularly powerful as it allows the vibrations of surface
water, which are known to be sensitive reporters of the
hydrogen-bonding water environment. Indeed, the application of SFG at
the water-air interface has revealed important new insights in the
water interfacial structure and orientation. It has been shown, for
instance, that a significant fraction of surface water molecules (20
%) have a free O-H group sticking into the vapor. These ‘‘free,’’
non hydrogen bonded O-H groups are characterized by a relatively high
vibrational frequency of the O-H stretch. For the H-bonded interfacial
water molecules, the spectrum is broad and , a situation reminiscent
of the vibrational spectrum of bulk water.
In bulk
water, water vibrational dynamics are affected by confinement and/or
the binding to molecules that mimic a biological environment.
Ultrafast
techniques are applied to Hydroburn water fuel at the hydrophilic and
hydrophobic water interface in contact with the silica surface which
mirror the air/water interface. The femtosecond vibrational SFG, which
relies on the coherent interaction of infrared (IR) and visible (VIS)
fields at the surface, to produce a field with a frequency that is the
sum of the two incident fields is used. This surface-specific process
is resonantly enhanced by surface vibrations. A third femtosecond
pulse generated by the Hydrodrive Synthesizer due to emission
radiation allows the vibrational excitation of the water molecules to
be sustained changing the original SFG intensity. The SFG waves
reflects the vibrational relaxation of the interfacial water
molecules. The femtosecond time SFG allows the O-H stretch vibrations
of the water molecules thus molecular engineering the structure and
dynamics of water at the near water-air interface which enable very
fast energy transfer between the isotropic bulk molecules and the
surface molecules. A large reservoir of isotropic excitations are
present right below the surface, which exchanges rapidly with
excitations at the surface when a flame is initiated and the flame
continue to burn with micro-explosions of the water molecules as shown
in the photographs below.
Under the
flame temperature, a water molecule decomposes first into H and OH
upon adsorbing on the silica surfaces. The OH radical can hop between
neighboring adatom sites. It can further decompose into an H atom and
an O atom, resulting in complete dissociation of a water molecule.
(a) The OH
radical further dissociates into an O atom, which appears bright
at the upper-right hand corner
of the enclosed half-cell, and an H atom adsorbed at a rest atom site
near that corner. The rest-atom
site appears dark and the Si adatoms neighboring the H atom appear
brighter than normal.
(b) The O and
H atoms can combine again to form an OH radical
or
(c)
dissociate again .
(d) After the
H atom hops right to a faulted half (indicated also with a white
arrow), only the O induced bright
species is left in the original half-cell. At this point, the water
molecule decomposes completely
into two H atoms and one O atom and all these species are mobile on
the surface. For the
atomic models illustrated in the inset, the O induced adatom site is
indicated with a dashed circle.
OIL WATER
COMBUSTION IS NOW A REALITY FOR FUTURE ECONOMICAL ENERGY USE AND
FOSSIL FUEL CONSERVATION:
BURNING
NOW AN OPTION TO CLEAN UP OCEAN OIL SPILLS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT
INCOMBUSTIBLE
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/06/010615071546.htm
ScienceDaily
(Jun. 18, 2001)
— University Park, Pa. --- Penn State researchers have shown in
laboratory experiments that some open water oil spills previously
thought to be incombustible potentially can be cleaned up via burning,
the most efficient, rapid and environmentally friendly option.
Dr. Anil
K. Kulkarni, professor of mechanical engineering, says, "Oil
spill combustion can be a highly effective clean up measure for
contained spills occurring on open water bodies, such as an oil
spill on the ocean contained by booms or a spill surrounded by ice.
When feasible, it is an inexpensive technique that can have a very
high efficiency of removal, possibly greater than 99 percent. The
burning is very rapid and any resulting ecological damage is less
severe compared to conventional oil removal methods."
However,
the window of opportunity for using burning is often limited by wave
and wind conditions and by the proximity of the spill to populated
areas. In addition, over time, oil spilled at sea becomes mixed with
water forming an emulsion that is difficult or impossible to ignite.
Now,
Penn State researchers have widened the applicability of burning by
showing that diesel fuel emulsions up to 80 percent water and crude
oil emulsions up to 35 percent water can be ignited. In laboratory
experiments, they demonstrated that positioning an external radiant
heat source near the spill facilitates ignition. In addition, they
have developed simple charts for use as a quick reference to
determine the minimum external heat source needed to facilitate
burning.
Kulkarni
points out, however, that an open water demonstration still needs to
be done to show proof of concept.
The Penn State researcher
detailed the findings at the Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program
meeting in Calgary, Canada, June 14 in a paper, "Combustion of
Mixtures of Weathered Alaskan Crude Oils and Water under External
Heat Flux." His co-author is A. .Y. Walavalkar, who recently
earned his doctorate at Penn State; part of the work was the subject
of Walavalkar's doctoral dissertation.
In the
Penn State laboratory experiments, two electrically operated heating
panels were used to supply an external radiant heat source. The
panels were positioned over a pool of water about ten inches deep.
The researchers poured oil and water emulsions to a desired
thickness on the water and then applied the external heat source at
a predetermined level.
After
the surface temperature reached a certain preset value, an attempt
was made to ignite the emulsion. Upon failure to cause ignition, the
heat flux level of the panels was increased by a small amount. The
process was repeated until sustained combustion was achieved and the
minimum critical heat flux needed to ignite the sample was
determined.
Kulkarni
says that, in actual open water conditions, an external heat flux
could come from an adjacent deliberately set fire. "A small
fire will not produce sufficient heat flux, but if the fire's size
is sufficiently large, it will provide the needed minimum heat flux
for the surrounding emulsion to ignite and burn. As the emulsion
ignites, the fire's size will grow, providing an even larger heat
flux to the yet-unburned emulsion, causing it to ignite in a chain
reaction that will continue until all of the emulsion is burned. In
this way, a spill previously considered incombustible can be
removed," he explains.
In
subsequent experiments, the Penn State researchers found that he
could correlate oils and emulsions with the same density with the
radiant heat needed to facilitate their ignition. He says,
"Using density measurements of a specific spill will make it
easier for people who are managing the clean up to decide what to
do. Rather than try to decide whether to attempt burning the spill
based on the type of oil it is, for example Alaskan North Slope,
Milne Point crude, or diesel, they can measure the spill's density
and then consult the charts we've developed to determine how large a
heat flux would be needed."
The
research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology.
Adapted
from materials provided by Penn
State.
Above
NEWS is cited only to highlight the RESEARCH DONE to prove that
OIL-WATER can be efficiently burned.
However
HYDRODRIVE do not recommend OIL WATER spill burning for the simple
reasons that:
1.The
heat of burning will kill the OCEAN
SPECIES
and FISHES nearby.
2.
Energy of oil is wasted and not used.
HYDRODRIVE
recommend RECOLLECTION of the SPILL OIL/CRUDE in a NEW OCEAN GOING
VESSEL and making use of it as an EMULSIFIED FUEL for efficient
burning in industrial applications.
Low-NOx Combustion
Method by Mixing Water into Liquid Fuel:
Accession number:00A0089291
Title: Low-NOx
Combustion Method by Mixing Water into
Liquid Fuel.
Author: TAKAHASHI
KAZUO(Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd.)
Journal Title:
Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy
Journal Code:F0217A
ISSN:0916-8753
VOL.78
NO.12 PAGE.1000-1006
Pub. Country: Japan
Language:
Japanese
Abstract:
The method of low NOx
Combustion by Mixing Water was developed in order to reduce NOx
emission and smoke in incinerators and oil-fired boilers with
oil-pressure atomizing burners. This technique brought a simpler,
smaller, more economical and more practical system than known
emulsion-fuel combustion method. The principle of this technique is
based on making combustion after mixing liquid fuel with water
The application of this technique for oil-fired boilers is expected
to be popularized in near future, as a way of environmental
protection in big cities.
